Detailed Data Tool

An expanded data set with an interactive tool that allows you to compare state-level incarceration data for youth and adults, including racial/ethnic disparities and estimates on the impact of felony disenfranchisement.

Download data

U.S. Total

At a Glance

Data Sources: Carson, E. A. (2023). Prisoners in 2022. Bureau of Justice Statistics; Nellis, A. (2021). The Color of Justice: Racial Disparity in State Prisons. The Sentencing Project; Sickmund, M., Sladky, T.J., Puzzanchera, C., and Kang, W. (2023) "Easy Access to the Census of Juveniles in Residential Placement."; Uggen, C., Larson, R., Shannon, S., & Stewart, R. (2022). Locked Out 2022: Estimates of People Denied Voting Rights, The Sentencing Project.

State		U.S. Total	Federal prisons	Alabama	Alaska	Arizona	Arkansas	California	Colorado	Connecticut	Delaware	District of Columbia	Florida	Georgia	Hawaii	Idaho	Illinois	Indiana	Iowa	Kansas	Kentucky	Louisiana	Maine	Maryland	Massachusetts	Michigan	Minnesota	Mississippi	Missouri	Montana	Nebraska	Nevada	New Hampshire	New Jersey	New Mexico	New York	North Carolina	North Dakota	Ohio	Oklahoma	Oregon	Pennsylvania	Rhode Island	South Carolina	South Dakota	Tennessee	Texas	Utah	Vermont	Virginia	Washington	West Virginia	Wisconsin
Imprisonment Rate Per 100k residents	355	44	390	205	446	574	250	288	170	272		377	435	174	460	236	349	264	292	437	596	107	252	94	323	151	661	381	414	284	322	149	137	231	159	268	230	385	563	295	292	124	302	370	334	452	176	126	312	174	331	311	369
Black/White Disparity	4.8:1	—	2.8:1	4.7:1	4.9:1	3.5:1	9.2:1	6.6:1	9.4:1	5.3:1	—	4.1:1	2.8:1	2.4:1	4.4:1	7.8:1	4.6:1	9.3:1	6.3:1	2.9:1	3.8:1	8.8:1	5:1	7:1	6.7:1	9.9:1	2.6:1	3.6:1	7.5:1	8.9:1	4.1:1	5:1	12.5:1	5.8:1	7.8:1	3.9:1	5.2:1	5.7:1	4.4:1	5.2:1	7.7:1	8.5:1	3.8:1	5.9:1	3.4:1	3.5:1	7.6:1	12.3:1	4.4:1	5.5:1	3.8:1	11.9:1	5:1
Latino/White Disparity	1.3:1	—	—	0.6:1	1.7:1	0.6:1	2.0:1	2.2:1	3.7:1	0.1:1	—	0.7:1	0.6:1	0.4:1	1.4:1	1.5:1	0.7:1	1.4:1	1.4:1	0.4:1	0.0:1	3.6:1	0.8:1	4.0:1	0.3:1	1.9:1	0.5:1	0.5:1	0.6:1	1.9:1	0.8:1	1.8:1	2.0:1	1.8:1	3.0:1	0.9:1	2.3:1	1.1:1	0.9:1	1.0:1	2.3:1	2.6:1	0.7:1	1.5:1	0.5:1	1.1:1	1.8:1	0.2:1	0.4:1	1.2:1	0.3:1	2.1:1	1.4:1
Youth Custody Rate Per 100k youth	74	—	130	195	46	90	58	78	18	138	165	61	71	20	117	39	113	77	106	63	144	22	31	32	82	62	56	109	89	93	104	10	40	87	40	38	48	122	59	146	80	73	78	99	42	89	37	0	64	51	202	79	269
Felony Disenfranchisement Rate	1.7%	—	6%	1%	4.2%	3.7%	0.4%	0.4%	0.2%	0.8%	—	6.1%	3.3%	0.2%	2.2%	0.3%	0.6%	1.1%	0.9%	4.7%	1.6%	0	0.4%	0.1%	0.5%	0.2%	3.1%	1.7%	0.6%	0.9%	0.5%	0.2%	0.2%	0.4%	0.2%	0.9%	0.4%	0.6%	1.4%	0.4%	0.4%	0.2%	1%	1.9%	7.7%	2.5%	0.3%	0	4.2%	0.3%	1.1%	1.5%	1.5%

Data Sources: Carson, E. A. (2020). Prisoners in 2020. Bureau of Justice Statistics; Nellis, A. (2021). The Color of Justice: Racial Disparity in State Prisons. The Sentencing Project; Sickmund, M., Sladky, T.J., Puzzanchera, C., & Kang, W. (2021) "Easy Access to the Census of Juveniles in Residential Placement."; Uggen, C., Larson, R., Shannon, S., & Stewart, R. (2022). Locked Out 2022: Estimates of People Denied Voting Rights, The Sentencing Project; Zeng, Z. & Minton, T.D. (2021). Census of Jails, 2005-2019. Bureau of Justice Statistics.

State		U.S. Total	Federal Prisons	Alabama	Alaska	Arizona	Arkansas	California	Colorado	Connecticut	Delaware	District of Columbia	Florida	Georgia	Hawaii	Idaho	Illinois	Indiana	Iowa	Kansas	Kentucky	Louisiana	Maine	Maryland	Massachusetts	Michigan	Minnesota	Mississippi	Missouri	Montana	Nebraska	Nevada	New Hampshire	New Jersey	New Mexico	New York	North Carolina	North Dakota	Ohio	Oklahoma	Oregon	Pennsylvania	Rhode Island	South Carolina	South Dakota	Tennessee	Texas	Utah	Vermont	Virginia	Washington	West Virginia	Wisconsin
Total Incarcerated Prison and jail	1,848,748	144,448	36,327	1,555	46,569	26,944	172,543	29,894	5,607	2,792	1,820	141,338	92,623	2,599	13,253	46,124	44,331	13,468	16,667	45,930	59,856	3,111	24,141	14,693	48,254	15,476	33,782	35,172	7,201	9,792	17,524	3,486	22,207	11,443	51,583	49,264	3,266	65,893	33,375	18,552	69,201	1,297	27,583	5,404	54,975	205,805	13,303	867	55,542	25,297	10,983	31,112	3,724
Prison Population	1,185,648	146,108	19,877	1,505	33,029	17,544	97,483	16,894	6,181	2,788	—	84,678	47,813	2,503	9,003	29,634	23,901	8,448	8,587	19,740	27,296	1,491	15,551	5,433	32,374	8,636	19,442	23,592	4,691	5,592	10,304	2,086	12,657	4,893	31,133	28,904	1,796	45,313	22,745	12,512	37,901	1,358	16,113	3,394	23,735	137,035	6,003	814	27,162	13,587	5,873	18,362	2,154
Jail Population	663,100	—	16,450	50	13,540	9,400	75,060	13,000	—	—	1,820	56,660	44,810	—	4,250	16,490	20,430	5,020	8,080	26,190	32,560	1,620	8,590	9,260	15,880	6,840	14,340	11,580	2,510	4,200	7,220	1,400	9,550	6,550	20,450	20,360	1,470	20,580	10,630	6,040	31,300	—	11,470	2,010	31,240	68,770	7,300	—	28,380	11,710	5,110	12,750	1,570
Imprisonment Rate Per 100k residents	355	44	390	205	446	574	250	288	170	272	—	377	435	174	460	236	349	264	292	437	596	107	252	94	323	151	661	381	414	284	322	149	137	231	159	268	230	385	563	295	292	124	302	370	334	452	176	126	312	174	331	311	369
Jail Incarceration Rate (a) Per 100k residents	199	—	410	—	270	380	280	290	—	—	450	330	550	—	280	210	330	170	310	570	870	160	250	190	210	150	590	240	360	240	320	170	220	560	170	240	220	200	430	180	360	—	290	260	530	340	350	—	450	220	270	270	320
Probation Population	2,963,018	12,250	42,885	2,561	69,557	41,778	157,372	72,412	29,719	9,531	3,494	182,557	347,300	17,746	26,783	87,084	98,234	25,153	14,002	54,894	26,306	5,303	55,225	38,651	113,891	84,153	29,450	37,585	9,470	11,756	8,927	3,723	122,400	10,635	69,361	60,629	6,011	195,128	17,245	29,818	95,732	18,375	24,777	5,684	55,927	344,461	10,321	2,684	61,458	62,946	6,207	38,419	5,055
Parole Population	803,222	104,462	7,815	865	7,022	23,829	109,082	10,540	2,818	344	2,340	3,970	17,062	1,396	6,922	22,000	5,737	6,411	5,058	13,271	19,087	17	8,801	1,443	11,351	6,979	10,973	18,238	1,437	935	4,866	2,130	15,397	2,496	39,802	9,361	647	22,684	1,818	22,528	80,642	458	4,019	3,611	12,816	104,277	3,858	829	1,917	11,821	3,207	22,965	868
Life Sentences	203,865	6,252	5,660	398	2,570	2,213	40,878	3,726	741	692	-	15,116	10,148	345	673	4,334	3,940	1,521	1,487	1,339	5,997	122	3,809	2,091	5,657	619	2,450	3,326	164	970	2,862	252	1,715	798	8,296	4,171	84	8,466	3,733	1,074	8,242	247	2,436	391	2,831	18,462	2,247	167	4,193	3,214	727	1,675	344
Life Sentences % of Prison	12%	3%	24%	0	4%	7%	32%	15%	1%	13%	—	14%	17%	11%	8%	4%	1%	8%	13%	4%	15%	3%	15%	27%	13%	6%	11%	11%	2%	6%	22%	9%	6%	12%	18%	10%	4%	15%	12%	6%	12%	14%	12%	5%	8%	6%	34%	14%	8%	15%	9%	6%	8%
Life Without Parole	55,945	3,536	1,533	—	531	542	5,134	790	68	377	—	10,438	1,636	32	130	1,620	131	705	35	118	4,377	62	444	1,057	3,882	142	1,589	1,002	55	262	501	77	94	2	303	1,576	35	699	936	218	5,375	28	1,214	173	286	1,267	47	16	1,628	643	290	265	44
Life Without Parole % of Prison	4%	2%	7%	0	1%	3%	4%	4%	1%	10%	—	11%	3%	1%	2%	4%	1%	8%	0	1%	14%	3%	2%	14%	10%	1%	8%	4%	1%	5%	4%	3%	1%	0	1%	5%	2%	1%	4%	2%	12%	2%	7%	5%	1%	1%	1%	1%	5%	3%	4%	1%	2%
Juvenile Life Without Parole	1,465	0	13	0	30	8	224	12	1	2	—	178	95	0	2	0	0	0	0	0	150	0	14	0	191	0	49	0	1	3	12	0	0	0	0	48	1	12	7	0	294	0	29	1	14	11	0	0	50	6	0	7	0
Private Prison Population	90,873	13,834	253	300	9,738	0	0	2,677	0	0	—	11,728	7,284	966	861	335	3,906	0	0	814	0	0	0	0	0	0	2,252	0	2,319	0	0	0	834	1,522	0	29	292	6,540	4,282	0	447	0	78	45	6,828	11,030	0	110	1,278	0	0	0	291

Data Sources: Carson, E. A. (2021). Prisoners in 2020--Statistical Tables. Bureau of Justice Statistics

State		U.S. Total	Federal prisons	Alabama	Alaska	Arizona	Arkansas	California	Colorado	Connecticut	Delaware	District of Columbia	Florida	Georgia	Hawaii	Idaho	Illinois	Indiana	Iowa	Kansas	Kentucky	Louisiana	Maine	Maryland	Massachusetts	Michigan	Minnesota	Mississippi	Missouri	Montana	Nebraska	Nevada	New Hampshire	New Jersey	New Mexico	New York	North Carolina	North Dakota	Ohio	Oklahoma	Oregon	Pennsylvania	Rhode Island	South Carolina	South Dakota	Tennessee	Texas	Utah	Vermont	Virginia	Washington	West Virginia	Wisconsin	Wyoming																																																																																																																																																																																																																																																																																																																																																																																																																																																																																																																																																																																																																																																																																																																																																																																																																																																																																																																																																																									Select a state to get started	Select a state to get started
Men in Prison	1,103,170	135,896	18,545	1,430	30,089	16,147	93,761	15,530	5,851	2,705	—	79,154	44,550	2,291	7,718	28,163	21,608	7,730	7,882	17,457	25,860	1,352	15,006	5,267	30,708	8,075	17,937	21,434	4,026	5,230	9,456	1,932	12,233	4,421	29,948	26,788	1,567	41,655	20,552	11,600	35,791	1,315	14,977	2,882	21,518	126,272	5,561	766	25,326	12,808	5,260	17,233	1,907
Women in Prison	82,478	10,212	1,332	75	2,940	1,397	3,722	1,364	330	83	—	5,524	3,263	212	1,285	1,471	2,293	718	705	2,283	1,436	139	545	166	1,666	561	1,505	2,158	665	362	848	154	424	472	1,185	2,116	229	3,658	2,193	912	2,110	43	1,136	512	2,217	10,763	442	48	1,836	779	613	1,129	247

Data Source: Nellis, A. (2021). The Color of Justice: Racial Disparity in State Prisons. The Sentencing Project.

State		U.S. Total	Federal prisons	Alabama	Alaska	Arizona	Arkansas	California	Colorado	Connecticut	Delaware	District of Columbia	Florida	Georgia	Hawaii	Idaho	Illinois	Indiana	Iowa	Kansas	Kentucky	Louisiana	Maine	Maryland	Massachusetts	Michigan	Minnesota	Mississippi	Missouri	Montana	Nebraska	Nevada	New Hampshire	New Jersey	New Mexico	New York	North Carolina	North Dakota	Ohio	Oklahoma	Oregon	Pennsylvania	Rhode Island	South Carolina	South Dakota	Tennessee	Texas	Utah	Vermont	Virginia	Washington	West Virginia	Wisconsin	Wyoming																																																																																																																																																																																																																																																																																																																																																																																																																																																																																																																																																																																																																																																																																																																																																																																																																																																																																																																																																																									Select a state to get started	Select a state to get started
Black : White Ratio	4.8:1	—	2.8:1	4.7:1	4.9:1	3.5:1	9.2:1	6.6:1	9.4:1	5.3:1	—	4.1:1	2.8:1	2.4:1	4.4:1	7.8:1	4.6:1	9.3:1	6.3:1	2.9:1	3.8:1	8.8:1	5.0:1	7.0:1	6.7:1	9.9:1	2.6:1	3.6:1	7.5:1	8.9:1	4.1:1	5.0:1	12.5:1	5.8:1	7.8:1	3.9:1	5.2:1	5.7:1	4.4:1	5.2:1	7.7:1	8.5:1	3.8:1	5.9:1	3.4:1	3.5:1	7.6:1	12.3:1	4.4:1	5.5:1	3.8:1	11.9:1	5.0:1
Latinx : White Ratio	1.3:1	—	—	0.6:1	1.7:1	0.6:1	2.0:1	2.2:1	3.7:1	0.1:1	—	0.7:1	0.6:1	0.4:1	1.4:1	1.5:1	0.7:1	1.4:1	1.4:1	0.4:1	0.0:1	3.6:1	0.8:1	4.0:1	0.3:1	1.9:1	0.5:1	0.5:1	0.6:1	1.9:1	0.8:1	1.8:1	2.0:1	1.8:1	3.0:1	0.9:1	2.3:1	1.1:1	0.9:1	1.0:1	2.3:1	2.6:1	0.7:1	1.5:1	0.5:1	1.1:1	1.8:1	0.2:1	0.4:1	1.2:1	0.3:1	2.1:1	1.4:1

Data Source: Sickmund, M., Sladky, T.J., Puzzanchera, C., & Kang, W. (2021) "Easy Access to the Census of Juveniles in Residential Placement."

State		U.S. Total	Federal prisons	Alabama	Alaska	Arizona	Arkansas	California	Colorado	Connecticut	Delaware	District of Columbia	Florida	Georgia	Hawaii	Idaho	Illinois	Indiana	Iowa	Kansas	Kentucky	Louisiana	Maine	Maryland	Massachusetts	Michigan	Minnesota	Mississippi	Missouri	Montana	Nebraska	Nevada	New Hampshire	New Jersey	New Mexico	New York	North Carolina	North Dakota	Ohio	Oklahoma	Oregon	Pennsylvania	Rhode Island	South Carolina	South Dakota	Tennessee	Texas	Vermont	Virginia	Washington	West Virginia	Wisconsin
Total Youth in Custody	24,894	—	678	156	351	297	2,385	462	63	135	78	1,221	750	27	264	516	837	267	351	297	717	27	198	204	723	378	186	612	99	207	342	12	378	198	741	411	39	1,476	261	597	1,002	72	414	99	300	2,730	168	558	396	345	417	171
Committed	13,229	—	234	45	123	210	1,191	249	27	48	24	639	261	24	186	135	504	99	144	96	417	18	54	66	450	198	81	411	51	15	207	9	168	102	363	231	27	741	42	495	708	48	204	36	69	1,590	105	249	291	198	231	96
Detained	10,986	—	378	111	222	81	1,074	210	36	87	51	501	486	0	72	378	306	144	198	192	288	9	141	135	264	159	102	198	45	156	126	3	207	93	327	180	12	732	213	93	270	18	210	66	222	1,122	63	300	102	141	171	72
Diverted	336	—	66	0	0	6	21	0	0	0	0	18	0	0	0	0	9	18	0	6	0	0	0	0	6	15	3	3	0	36	6	0	3	0	9	0	0	3	3	9	9	6	0	0	6	9	0	0	0	3	6	0
Youth Custody Rate Per 100k Youth	74	—	130	195	46	90	58	78	18	138	165	61	71	20	117	39	113	77	106	63	144	22	31	32	82	62	56	109	89	93	104	10	40	87	40	38	48	122	59	146	80	73	78	99	42	89	37	64	51	202	79	269
Youth Custody Rate (White) Per 100k Youth	49	—	97	147	41	66	32	49	3	52	204	52	33	18	99	14	93	51	63	33	55	17	9	10	50	33	24	71	62	51	76	9	7	193	18	16	29	63	46	127	49	63	54	42	24	60	23	30	35	177	34	224
Youth Custody Rate (Black) Per 100k Youth	228	—	229	832	252	179	242	457	94	433	183	189	151	0	786	178	278	448	535	325	305	169	79	137	253	243	102	358	938	483	326	0	200	515	151	102	199	442	325	676	272	243	131	616	129	262	212	198	245	847	497	1,544
Youth Custody Rate (Latinx) Per 100k Youth	57	—	78	84	31	56	67	87	13	0	114	5	28	0	151	18	70	73	160	48	36	76	15	65	53	26	19	81	90	106	83	0	34	37	28	20	0	67	34	147	69	48	46	91	13	77	83	51	63	244	53	161
Youth Custody Rate (American Indian) Per 100k Youth	181	—	0	412	48	887	119	183	0	0	0	66	0	0	393	0	233	519	131	0	0	0	0	0	174	627	0	146	200	498	356	0	0	87	0	96	182	171	34	725	182	0	351	358	0	39	78	0	170	0	315	1,771
Youth Custody Rate (Asian) Per 100k Youth	13	—	38	142	12	41	9	47	0	0	0	10	0	24	0	0	15	63	31	0	0	0	0	0	20	24	0	0	866	51	53	0	0	0	4	0	0	10	0	127	18	0	0	0	21	11	48	5	22	249	15	0

Data Source: Uggen, C., Larson, R., Shannon, S., Stewart, R., & Hauf, M. (2024). Locked Out 2024: Four Million Denied Voting Rights Due to a Felony Conviction, The Sentencing Project

State		U.S. Total	Federal prisons	Alabama	Alaska	Arizona	Arkansas	California	Colorado	Connecticut	Delaware	District of Columbia	Florida	Georgia	Hawaii	Idaho	Illinois	Indiana	Iowa	Kansas	Kentucky	Maine	Maryland	Massachusetts	Michigan	Minnesota	Mississippi	Missouri	Montana	Nebraska	Nevada	New Hampshire	New Jersey	New Mexico	New York	North Carolina	North Dakota	Ohio	Oklahoma	Oregon	Pennsylvania	Rhode Island	South Carolina	South Dakota	Tennessee	Texas	Vermont	Virginia	Washington	West Virginia	Wisconsin
Disenfranchised population	4,049,978	—	227,437	5,145	214,791	84,099	97,608	18,728	5,449	6,214	—	961,757	249,699	2,390	29,143	31,003	28,616	26,878	19,040	158,381	54,746	16,270	7,360	34,557	9,572	68,731	79,479	5,330	12,200	11,182	2,246	14,087	5,331	33,046	69,888	2,265	50,616	40,470	13,432	41,282	1,595	37,838	12,603	399,684	479,097	7,411	264,292	15,577	15,696	68,279	9,437
Felony Disenfranchisement Rate	1.7%	—	5.95%	0.96%	4.2%	3.77%	0.37%	0.44%	0.21%	0.83%	—	6.13%	3.25%	0.23%	2.17%	0.34%	0.57%	1.13%	0.9%	4.66%	1.58%	0.37%	0.14%	0.45%	0.23%	3.08%	1.7%	0.63%	0.87%	0.52%	0.21%	0.22%	0.35%	0.23%	0.9%	0.39%	0.57%	1.4%	0.42%	0.41%	0.19%	0.97%	1.92%	7.68%	2.5%	0.34%	4.18%	0.28%	1.1%	1.53%	1.53%
Disenfranchised Black population	1,336,305	—	82,684	443	24,371	25,405	27,273	3,284	2,259	3,309	—	293,308	129,080	111	713	16,587	8,545	5,968	4,853	30,095	33,819	11,409	2,097	16,559	3,367	43,744	18,904	131	2,615	3,428	166	8,554	362	16,142	31,480	280	21,233	9,943	1,172	19,131	485	19,427	977	133,327	131,290	577	120,606	2,666	1,810	22,029	287
Black Felony Disenfranchisement Rate	4.51%	—	8.28%	2.52%	10.54%	7.6%	1.61%	2%	0.85%	2.08%	—	12.74%	5.22%	0.48%	9.06%	1.26%	1.92%	8.67%	4.13%	11.67%	3.15%	0.85%	0.65%	1.64%	1.59%	5.37%	3.76%	3.21%	4.46%	1.64%	1.25%	0.99%	1.11%	0.76%	1.89%	2.42%	2.04%	4.84%	2.13%	1.89%	1.09%	1.93%	10.78%	16.03%	5.19%	2.63%	9.84%	1.32%	3.67%	8.92%	8.59%
Disenfranchised Latino population	495,647	—	2,462	143	71,475	3,258	44,402	5,585	1,536	417	—	100,144	5,335	59	3,340	3,810	1,145	2,332	2,700	3,014	507	789	1,903	851	498	656	1,823	179	1,877	2,808	145	2,106	3,227	7,771	4,293	130	1,319	3,521	1,680	4,006	451	828	483	10,204	173,485	1,571	5,328	2,534	131	8,341	1,048
Latino Felony Disenfranchisement Rate	1.55%	—	2.81%	0.43%	5.68%	3.43%	0.54%	0.78%	0.44%	0.92%	—	2.99%	1.23%	0.06%	2.81%	0.33%	0.49%	2.49%	1.61%	4.35%	0.44%	0.29%	0.4%	0.29%	0.34%	1.52%	1.29%	0.64%	1.93%	0.62%	0.43%	0.2%	0.48%	0.36%	1.11%	0.71%	0.5%	1.83%	0.61%	0.69%	0.48%	0.64%	2.74%	7.04%	2.87%	0.74%	1.34%	0.55%	0.68%	4.22%	3.19%

Growth in Mass Incarceration

The United States is the world’s leader in incarceration. Get the facts and statistics on trends in U.S. incarceration.

Research Overview: Growth in Mass Incarceration

Resource library

Search important resources created, produced, and published by The Sentencing Project, including research and advocacy publications, webinars, testimonials and more.

Resource Library

Join the Fight

Support our critical work

The Sentencing Project and our advocacy partners rely on generous supporters like you for the resources to launch urgently needed research, advocacy, and public education efforts.

Donate now to make a difference

Growth in Mass Incarceration

Resource library

Support our critical work

Stay involved & informed

Thanks for subscribing!